ରିକ୍ଟର ସ୍କେଲ ନିମନ୍ତେ ଆଧାର ଦେଖିବେ

[[File:CharlesRichter.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Charles Richter]], c. 1970]]
[[ଭୂମିକମ୍ପ]]ର ତୀବ୍ରତା ମାପ କରିବା ପାଇଁ ଏକ ପ୍ରକାର ସ୍କେଲ ବ୍ୟବହାର କରାଯାଏ । ଏହାକୁ '''ରିକ୍ଟର ସ୍କେଲ୍''' କୁହାଯାଏ । ୧୯୩୫ ମସିହାରେ ଆମେରିକାର [[ଚାର୍ଲସ ଫ୍ରାଙ୍କିସ୍ ରିକ୍ଟର]] ଏହାକୁ ବାହାର କରିଥିଲେ । ଏହା "୦'ଠାରୁ ଆରମ୍ଭ କରି ୧୨ ପର୍ଯ୍ୟନ୍ତ ଭୂମିକମ୍ପ ତୀବ୍ରତାକୁ ମାପ କରିପାରେ । ଏଥିରେ ପ୍ରତିଟି ସଂଖ୍ୟା ତାହାର ପୂର୍ବ ସଂଖ୍ୟାଠାରୁ ୧୦ ଗୁଣ ଅଧିକ ହୋଇଥାଏ । ଏହି ସ୍କେଲରେ ଭୂମିକମ୍ପର ତୀବ୍ରତା ୨.୦ରୁ କମ୍ ହୋଇଥିଲେ ତାହାକୁ ଜାଣିହୁଏ ନାହିଁ । ମାତ୍ର ଏହି ସ୍କେଲରେ ଭୂମିକମ୍ପର ତୀବ୍ରତା ୫.୦ ବା ତାଠାରୁ ଅଧିକ ହୋଇଥିଲେ ତାହା କ୍ଷୟକ୍ଷତି ଘଟାଇଥାଏ । ରିଚର ସ୍କେଲରେ ଭୂମିକମ୍ପର ତୀବ୍ରତା ୭.୦ରୁ ଅଧିକ ହେଲେ ସେହି ଭୂମିକମ୍ପ ଜନିତ କ୍ଷୟ କ୍ଷତି ଅତି ଭୟାବହ ହୋଇଥାଏ ।

== ଇତିହାସ ==
== ମାପ ପଦ୍ଧତି ==
=== ଉଦାହରଣ ===
<!--
The following table lists the approximate [[energy]] equivalents in terms of [[TNT equivalent|TNT]] explosive force &ndash; though note that the earthquake energy is released ''underground'' rather than overground.<ref>{{cite web|author=Usgs Faqs |url=http://earthquake.usgs.gov/learn/faq/?faqID=33 |title=FAQs – Measuring Earthquakes |publisher=Earthquake.usgs.gov |date=2014-01-15 |accessdate=2014-02-16}}</ref> Most energy from an earthquake is not transmitted to and through the surface; instead, it dissipates into the crust and other subsurface structures. In contrast, a small atomic bomb blast (see [[nuclear weapon yield]]) will not, it will simply cause light shaking of indoor items, since its energy is released above ground.

31.6227 to the ''power of'' 0 ''equals'' 1, 31.6227 to the ''power of'' 1 ''equals'' 31.6227 and 31.6227 to the ''power of'' 2 ''equals'' 1000. Therefore, an 8.0 on the Richter scale releases 31.6227 ''times'' more energy than a 7.0 and a 9.0 on the Richter scale releases 1000 ''times'' more energy than a 7.0. Thus, <math>E \approx 6.3\times 10^4\times 10^{3M/2}\,</math>

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Approximate Magnitude
!Approximate TNT for<br />Seismic Energy Yield
!Joule equivalent
!Example
|-
| -0.2
|7.5 g
|31.5 kJ
|Energy released by lighting 30 typical matches
|-
|0.0
|15 g
|63 kJ
|-
|0.2
|30 g
|130 kJ
|Large [[hand grenade]]
|-
|0.5
|85 g
|360 kJ
|
|-
|1.0
|480 g
|2.0 MJ
|
|-
|1.2
|1.1&nbsp;kg
|4.9 MJ
|Single stick of dynamite [DynoMax Pro]
|-
|1.4
|2.2&nbsp;kg
|9.8 MJ
|Seismic impact of typical small construction blast
|-
|1.5
|2.7&nbsp;kg
|11 MJ
|
|-
|2.0
|15&nbsp;kg
|63 MJ
|
|-
|2.1
|21&nbsp;kg
|89 MJ
|[[West fertilizer plant explosion]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/usb000g9yl#summary |title=2.1 Explosion - 1km NNE of West, Texas (BETA) |date=19 June 2013 |publisher=United States Geological Survey |accessdate=18 December 2013}}</ref>
|-
|2.5
|85&nbsp;kg
|360 MJ
|
|-
|3.0
|480&nbsp;kg
|2.0 GJ
|[[Oklahoma City bombing]], 1995 
|-
|3.5
|2.7 metric tons
|11 GJ
|[[PEPCON disaster|PEPCON fuel plant explosion, Henderson, Nevada]], 1988
[[Dallas]], [[Texas]] earthquake, September 30, 2012
|-
|3.87
|9.5 metric tons
|40 GJ
|[[Chernobyl disaster|Explosion at Chernobyl nuclear power plant]], 1986
|-
|3.91
|11 metric tons
|46 GJ
|[[GBU-43/B Massive Ordnance Air Blast bomb|Massive Ordnance Air Blast bomb]]
St. Patrick's Day earthquake, [[Auckland]], [[New Zealand]], 2013 <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.geonet.org.nz/quakes/region/aucklandnorthland/2013p203051 |title=New Zealand Earthquake Report: Magnitude 3.9, Sunday, March 17, 2013 at 4:05:42 pm (NZDT) |publisher=GeoNet |accessdate=18 December 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/news/article.cfm?c_id=1&objectid=10871821 |title=Quake rattles Auckland |first=Matthew |last=Backhouse |first2=Matthew |last2=Theunissen |date=17 March 2013 |newspaper=The New Zealand Herald |accessdate=18 December 2013}}</ref>
|-
|4.0
|15 metric tons
|63 GJ
|[[Johannesburg]]/[[South Africa]], November 18, 2013
|-
|4.3
|43 metric tons
|180 GJ
|[[2007 Kent earthquake|Kent Earthquake (Britain), 2007]]
Eastern [[Kentucky]] earthquake, November 2012
|-
|5.0
|480 metric tons
|2.0 TJ
|[[2008 Lincolnshire earthquake|Lincolnshire earthquake (UK), 2008]]<br/>
[[Moment magnitude scale|<math>M_\text{w}</math>]] [[2010 Central Canada earthquake|Ontario-Quebec earthquake (Canada), 2010]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/recenteqsww/Quakes/us2010xwa7.php#details |title=Magnitude 5.0 – Ontario-Quebec border region, Canada |publisher=earthquake.usgs.gov |accessdate=2010-06-23 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://news.nationalpost.com/2010/06/23/tremors-felt-in-toronto-ottawa-reports/ |title=Moderate 5.0 earthquake shakes Toronto, Eastern Canada and U.S.|publisher=nationalpost.com |accessdate=2010-06-23 }}</ref>
|-
|5.5
|2.7 kilotons
|11 TJ
|Little Skull Mtn. earthquake (Nevada, USA), 1992<br />
[[Moment magnitude scale|<math>M_\text{w}</math>]] [[2007 Alum Rock earthquake|Alum Rock earthquake (California), 2007]]<br/>
[[Moment magnitude scale|<math>M_\text{w}</math>]] [[2008 Chino Hills earthquake|Chino Hills earthquake (Southern California), 2008]]
|-
|5.6
|3.8 kilotons
|16 TJ
|[[1989 Newcastle earthquake|Newcastle, Australia, 1989]]<br />
[[2011 Oklahoma earthquake|Oklahoma, 2011]]<br />
[[2012 Pernik earthquake|Pernik, Bulgaria, 2012]]
|-
|6.0
|15 kilotons
|63 TJ
|Double Spring Flat earthquake ([[Nevada]], USA), 1994
Approximate magnitude of [[Virginia]]/[[Washington, D.C.]]/[[East Coast of the United States|East Coast]] [[2011 Virginia earthquake|earthquake, 2011]]<br />
Approximate yield of the [[Little Boy]] Atomic Bomb dropped on [[Hiroshima]] (~16 kt)<br />
[[South Napa Earthquake]], 2014
|-
|6.3
|43 kilotons
|180 TJ
|[[Moment magnitude scale|<math>M_\text{w}</math>]] [[2008 Dodecanese earthquake|Rhodes earthquake (Greece), 2008]]<br />
[[1927 Jericho earthquake|Jericho earthquake (British Palestine), 1927]]<br />
[[February 2011 Christchurch earthquake|Christchurch earthquake (New Zealand), 2011]]
|-
|6.4
|60 kilotons
|250 TJ
|[[2010 Kaohsiung earthquake|Kaohsiung earthquake (Taiwan), 2010]]
[[2011 Vancouver earthquake|Vancouver earthquake (Canada), 2011]]
|-
|6.5
|85 kilotons
|360 TJ
|[[Surface wave magnitude|<math>M_\text{s}</math>]] [[1967 Caracas earthquake|Caracas earthquake (Venezuela), 1967]]<br />
[[1980 Irpinia earthquake|Irpinia earthquake (Italy), 1980]]<br />
[[Moment magnitude scale|<math>M_\text{w}</math>]] [[2010 Eureka earthquake|Eureka earthquake (California, USA), 2010]]<br />
Zumpango del Rio earthquake (Guerrero, Mexico), 2011<ref>{{cite web|title=Past Earthquakes |url=http://www2.ssn.unam.mx/website/jsp/fuertes.jsp |publisher=Servicio Sismologico Nacional |accessdate=2 March 2013 |language=Spanish}}</ref> 
|-
|6.6
|120 kilotons
|500 TJ
|[[Moment magnitude scale|<math>M_\text{w}</math>]] [[1971 San Fernando earthquake|San Fernando earthquake (California, USA), 1971]]
|-
|6.7
|170 kilotons
|710 TJ
|[[Moment magnitude scale|<math>M_\text{w}</math>]] [[1994 Northridge earthquake|Northridge earthquake (California, USA), 1994]]
|-
|6.8
|240 kilotons
|1.0 PJ
|[[Moment magnitude scale|<math>M_\text{w}</math>]] [[2001 Nisqually earthquake|Nisqually earthquake (Anderson Island, WA), 2001]]<br/>
[[Moment magnitude scale|<math>M_\text{w}</math>]] [[Great Hanshin earthquake|Great Hanshin earthquake (Kobe, Japan), 1995]]<br/>
[[2007 Gisborne earthquake|Gisborne earthquake (Gisborne, NZ), 2007]]
|-
|6.9
|340 kilotons
|1.4 PJ
|[[Moment magnitude scale|<math>M_\text{w}</math>]] [[1989 Loma Prieta earthquake|San Francisco Bay Area earthquake (California, USA), 1989]]<br />
[[Moment magnitude scale|<math>M_\text{w}</math>]] [[2010 Pichilemu earthquake|Pichilemu earthquake (Chile), 2010]]<br />
[[Moment magnitude scale|<math>M_\text{w}</math>]] [[2011 Sikkim earthquake|Sikkim earthquake (Nepal-India Border), 2011]]
|-
|7.0
|480 kilotons
|2.0 PJ
|[[Moment magnitude scale|<math>M_\text{w}</math>]] [[2009 Java earthquake|Java earthquake (Indonesia), 2009]]<br>
[[Moment magnitude scale|<math>M_\text{w}</math>]] [[2010 Haiti earthquake|Haiti earthquake, 2010]]
|-
|7.1
|680 kilotons
|2.8 PJ
|[[Moment magnitude scale|<math>M_\text{w}</math>]] [[1908 Messina earthquake|Messina earthquake (Italy), 1908]] <br>
[[Moment magnitude scale|<math>M_\text{w}</math>]] [[1944 San Juan earthquake|San Juan earthquake (Argentina), 1944]]<br>
[[Moment magnitude scale|<math>M_\text{w}</math>]] [[2010 Canterbury earthquake|Canterbury earthquake (New Zealand), 2010]]
|-
|7.2
|950 kilotons
|4.0 PJ
|[[1977 Vrancea earthquake|Vrancea earthquake (Romania), 1977]] <br>
[[Moment magnitude scale|<math>M_\text{w}</math>]] [[1980 Azores Islands earthquake|1980 Azores Islands Earthquake]] <br>
[[Moment magnitude scale|<math>M_\text{w}</math>]] [[2010 Baja California earthquake|Baja California earthquake (Mexico), 2010]]

|-
|7.5
|2.7 megatons
|11 PJ
| [[Moment magnitude scale|<math>M_\text{w}</math>]] [[2005 Kashmir earthquake|Kashmir earthquake (Pakistan), 2005]]<br />
[[Moment magnitude scale|<math>M_\text{w}</math>]] [[2007 Antofagasta earthquake|Antofagasta earthquake (Chile), 2007]]
|-
|7.6
|3.8 megatons
|16 PJ
| [[Moment magnitude scale|<math>M_\text{w}</math>]] [[2012 Costa Rica earthquake|Nicoya earthquake (Costa Rica), 2012]]<br />
[[Moment magnitude scale|<math>M_\text{w}</math>]] [[2012 San Juan Cacahuatepec earthquake|Oaxaca earthquake (Mexico), 2012]]<br />
[[Moment magnitude scale|<math>M_\text{w}</math>]] [[2001 Gujarat earthquake|Gujarat earthquake (India), 2001]]<br />
[[Moment magnitude scale|<math>M_\text{w}</math>]] [[1999 İzmit earthquake|İzmit earthquake (Turkey), 1999]]<br>
[[Moment magnitude scale|<math>M_\text{w}</math>]] [[1999 Jiji earthquake|Jiji earthquake (Taiwan), 1999]]
|-
|7.7
|5.4 megatons
|22 PJ
|[[Moment magnitude scale|<math>M_\text{w}</math>]] [[October 2010 Sumatra earthquake and tsunami|Sumatra earthquake (Indonesia), 2010]]<br />
[[Moment magnitude scale|<math>M_\text{w}</math>]] [[2012 Haida Gwaii earthquake|Haida Gwaii earthquake (Canada), 2012]]
|-
|7.8
|7.6 megatons
|32 PJ
|[[Moment magnitude scale|<math>M_\text{w}</math>]] [[1976 Tangshan earthquake|Tangshan earthquake (China), 1976]]<br />
[[Surface wave magnitude|<math>M_\text{s}</math>]] [[1931 Hawke's Bay earthquake|Hawke's Bay earthquake (New Zealand), 1931]]<br />
[[Surface wave magnitude|<math>M_\text{s}</math>]] [[1990 Luzon earthquake|Luzon earthquake (Philippines), 1990]]<br />
|-
|7.9
|10-15 megatons
|42-63 PJ
|[[Tunguska event]]<br />[[1802 Vrancea earthquake]]<br />
[[Moment magnitude scale|<math>M_\text{w}</math>]] [[1923 Great Kanto earthquake|Great Kanto earthquake (Japan), 1923]]
|-
|8.0
|15 megatons
|63 PJ
| [[Surface wave magnitude|<math>M_\text{s}</math>]] [[1891 Mino-Owari earthquake|Mino-Owari earthquake (Japan), 1891]]<br/>
[[1894 San Juan earthquake|San Juan earthquake (Argentina), 1894]]<br/>
[[1906 San Francisco earthquake|San Francisco earthquake (California, USA), 1906]]<br />
[[Surface wave magnitude|<math>M_\text{s}</math>]] [[1949 Queen Charlotte Islands earthquake|Queen Charlotte Islands earthquake (B.C., Canada), 1949]]<br />
[[Moment magnitude scale|<math>M_\text{w}</math>]] [[2007 Peru earthquake|Chincha Alta earthquake (Peru), 2007]]<br />
[[Surface wave magnitude|<math>M_\text{s}</math>]] [[2008 Sichuan earthquake|Sichuan earthquake (China), 2008]]<br />[[1905 Kangra earthquake|Kangra earthquake, 1905]]<br/>
|-
|8.1
|21 megatons
|89 PJ
|[[1985 Mexico City earthquake|México City earthquake (Mexico), 1985]]<br />
Guam earthquake, August 8, 1993<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.eeri.org/site/reconnaissance-activities/64-guam/182-m81southendofisland |title=M8.1 South End of Island August 8, 1993.|publisher=eeri.org |accessdate=2011-03-11}}</ref>
|-
|8.35
|50 megatons
|210 PJ
|[[Tsar Bomba]] - Largest thermonuclear weapon ever tested. Most of the energy was dissipated in the atmosphere. The seismic shock was estimated at 5.0-5.2<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nuclearweaponarchive.org/Russia/TsarBomba.html|title=The Tsar Bomba ("King of Bombs")|accessdate=2014-07-06}}</ref>
|-
|8.5
|85 megatons
|360 PJ
|[[Moment magnitude scale|<math>M_\text{w}</math>]] [[September 2007 Sumatra earthquakes|Sumatra earthquake (Indonesia), 2007]]
|-
|8.6
| 120 megatons
| 500 PJ
|[[Moment magnitude scale|<math>M_\text{w}</math>]] [[April 2012 Banda Aceh earthquakes|Sumatra earthquake (Indonesia), 2012]]
|-
|8.7
|170 megatons
|710 PJ
|[[Moment magnitude scale|<math>M_\text{w}</math>]] [[2005 Sumatra earthquake|Sumatra earthquake (Indonesia), 2005]] 
|-
|8.75
|200 megatons
|840 PJ
|[[Krakatoa]] 1883
|-
|8.8
|240 megatons
|1.0 EJ
|[[Moment magnitude scale|<math>M_\text{w}</math>]] [[2010 Chile earthquake|Chile earthquake, 2010]],
|-
|9.0
|480 megatons
|2.0 EJ
| [[Moment magnitude scale|<math>M_\text{w}</math>]] [[1755 Lisbon earthquake|Lisbon earthquake (Portugal), All Saints Day, 1755]] <br />[[Moment magnitude scale|<math>M_\text{w}</math>]] [[2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami|The Great Japan earthquake, March 2011]]
|-
|9.15
|800 megatons
|3.3 EJ
|[[Toba catastrophe theory#The Eruption|Toba eruption]] 75,000 years ago; among the largest known volcanic events.<ref>Petraglia, M.; R. Korisettar, N. Boivin, C. Clarkson,4 P. Ditchfield,5 S. Jones,6 J. Koshy,7 M.M. Lahr,8 C. Oppenheimer,9 D. Pyle,10 R. Roberts,11 J.-C. Schwenninger,12 L. Arnold,13 K. White. (6 July 2007). [http://toba.arch.ox.ac.uk/pub_files/Petraglia2007Science.pdf "Middle Paleolithic Assemblages from the Indian Subcontinent Before and After the Toba Super-eruption"]. ''Science'' 317 (5834): 114–116. {{doi|10.1126/science.1141564}}. PMID 17615356.</ref>
|-
|9.2
|950 megatons
|4.0 EJ
|[[Moment magnitude scale|<math>M_\text{w}</math>]] [[1964 Alaska earthquake|Anchorage earthquake (Alaska, USA), 1964]] <br />[[Moment magnitude scale|<math>M_\text{w}</math>]] [[2004 Indian Ocean earthquake|Sumatra-Andaman earthquake and tsunami (Indonesia), 2004]]
|-
|9.5
|2.7 gigatons
|11 EJ
|[[Moment magnitude scale|<math>M_\text{w}</math>]] [[1960 Valdivia earthquake|Valdivia earthquake (Chile), 1960]]
|-
|13.00
|100 teratons
|420 ZJ
|[[Yucatán Peninsula]] impact (creating [[Chicxulub crater]]) 65 [[mya (unit)|Ma]] ago (10<sup>8</sup> megatons; over 4x10<sup>29</sup> ergs = [[1 E21 J|400 ZJ]]).<ref>{{Cite journal | doi = 10.1130/0091-7613(1998)026<0331:TCTBCC>2.3.CO;2 | issn = 0091-7613 | year = 1998 | volume = 26 | pages = 331–334 | title = The Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary cocktail: Chicxulub impact triggers margin collapse and extensive sediment gravity flows |author = Bralower, Timothy J. | author2= Charles K. Paull; R. Mark Leckie| journal = Geology |url=http://www.geosc.psu.edu/people/faculty/personalpages/tbralower/Braloweretal1998.pdf |accessdate=2009-09-03 | bibcode=1998Geo....26..331B}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal | doi = 10.1130/0091-7613(2000)28<319:IMWATK>2.0.CO;2 | issn = 0091-7613 | year = 2000 | volume = 28 | pages = 319–322 | title = Impact-induced mass wasting at the K-T boundary: Blake Nose, western North Atlantic | author = Klaus, Adam | journal = Geology|accessdate=2009-09-03 | last2 = Norris | first2 = Richard D. | last3 = Kroon | first3 = Dick | last4 = Smit | first4 = Jan | bibcode=2000Geo....28..319K}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal | doi = 10.1130/0091-7613(2002)030<0687:CLACST>2.0.CO;2 | issn = 0091-7613 | year = 2002 | volume = 30 | pages = 687–690 | title = Coastal landsliding and catastrophic sedimentation triggered by Cretaceous-Tertiary bolide impact: A Pacific margin example? | author = Busby, Cathy J. | author2= Grant Yip; Lars Blikra; Paul Renne |journal = Geology|accessdate=2009-09-03 | bibcode=2002Geo....30..687B}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal | doi = 10.1130/0091-7613(2003)031<0557:UESFTL>2.0.CO;2 | issn = 0091-7613 | year = 2003 | volume = 31 | pages = 557–560 | title = Uniquely extensive seismite from the latest Triassic of the United Kingdom: Evidence for bolide impact? | author = Simms, Michael J. | journal = Geology|accessdate=2009-09-03 | bibcode=2003Geo....31..557S}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author= Simkin, Tom |author2=Robert I. Tilling |author3=Peter R. Vogt |author4=Stephen H. Kirby |author5=Paul Kimberly |author6= David B. Stewart  |title= This dynamic planet. World map of volcanoes, earthquakes, impact craters, and plate tectonics. Inset VI. Impacting extraterrestrials scar planetary surfaces|url=http://mineralsciences.si.edu/tdpmap/pdfs/impact.pdf |year=2006 |publisher= U.S. Geological Survey |accessdate=2009-09-03}}</ref>
|-
|22.88 or 32
|310 yottatons
|1.3×10<sup>39</sup> J
|Approximate magnitude of the [[Starquake (astrophysics)|starquake]] on the [[magnetar]] [[SGR 1806-20]], registered on December 27, 2004.{{Clarify|date=April 2013}}
|}
* Quakes using the more modern magnitude scales will denote their abbreviations: [[Moment magnitude scale|<math>M_\text{w}</math>]] and [[Surface wave magnitude|<math>M_\text{s}</math>]]. Those that have no denoted prefix are [[Moment magnitude scale|<math>M_\text{L}</math>]]. Please be advised that the magnitude "number" (example 7.0) displayed for those quakes on this table may represent a significantly greater or lesser release in energy than by the correctly given magnitude (example [[Moment magnitude scale|<math>M_\text{w}</math>]]).
-->

== ଆହୁରି ଦେଖନ୍ତୁ ==
* [[ସିସେମୋମିଟର]]

== ଆଧାର ==
{{ଆଧାର}}

== ବାହାର ଲିଙ୍କ ==
* [http://www.iris.edu/seismon/ IRIS Real-time Seismic Monitor of the Earth]
* [http://earthquake.usgs.gov/learning/topics/mag_vs_int.php USGS: magnitude and intensity comparison]
* [http://earthquake.usgs.gov/aboutus/docs/020204mag_policy.php USGS: Earthquake Magnitude Policy]
* [http://neic.usgs.gov/neis/eqlists/eqstats.html USGS: 2000–2006 Earthquakes worldwide] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060812060818/http://neic.usgs.gov/neis/eqlists/eqstats.html |date=2006-08-12 }}
* [http://neic.usgs.gov/neis/eqlists/info_1990s.html USGS: 1990–1999 Earthquakes worldwide] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090830045905/http://neic.usgs.gov/neis/eqlists/info_1990s.html |date=2009-08-30 }}
* [http://www.alaskarails.org/historical/earthquake/earthquake-richter.html Alaska Railroad Earthquake] with a table of yield-to-magnitude relations.
* [http://www.alabamaquake.com/energy.html Earthquake Energy Calculator] with seismic energy approximated in everyday equivalent measures.

[[ଶ୍ରେଣୀ:ସ୍କେଲ]]